In the IGCSE and CIE (AS/A Level) Biology and Chemistry curricula, Organic Chemistry is a major topic, particularly within Chemistry. Here's a breakdown of what is covered at each level: --- IGCSE Chemistry (Cambridge - 0620/0971) In IGCSE, Organic Chemistry focuses on the fundamentals of carbon compounds and their reactions. Key areas include: 1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Definition: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds. - Hydrocarbons: Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only. 2. Types of Hydrocarbons - Alkanes: - General formula: CnH2n+2 - Properties: Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds). - Combustion and substitution reactions. - Alkenes: - General formula: CnH2n - Properties: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (double bonds). - Addition reactions (e.g., with bromine water as a test for alkenes). 3. Functional Groups and Homologous Series - Alcohols: General formula CnH2n+1OH (e.g., ethanol). - Properties and combustion. - Carboxylic Acids: General formula CnH2n+1COOH(e.g., ethanoic acid). - Weak acids, their reactions, and uses. 4. Polymers - Addition Polymerization: Formation of polymers from alkenes (e.g., poly(ethene), poly(propene)). - Natural and Synthetic Polymers: Proteins, nylon, and plastics. - Environmental Issues: Problems with non-biodegradable plastics. --- CIE AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) At the AS/A Level, Organic Chemistry is studied in greater depth, with emphasis on structure, reactions, and mechanisms. Key topics include: 1. Structure and Bonding in Organic Compounds - Structural, displayed, and skeletal formulas. - somerism: - Structural isomers. - Stereoisomerism: cis-trans(E/Z) isomerism. 2. Functional Groups and Reactions - Alkanes: Combustion and free radical substitution reactions. - Alkenes: Addition reactions (e.g., hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration). - Alcohols: Preparation (hydration of ethene) and oxidation (to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids). - Halogenoalkanes: Nucleophilic substitution reactions. - Carboxylic Acids: Reactions (e.g., neutralization, esterification). - Esters: Formation and hydrolysis. 3. Mechanisms of Reactions - Free radical substitution (e.g., in alkanes). - Electrophilic addition (e.g., in alkenes). - Nucleophilic substitution (e.g., in halogenoalkanes). 4. Polymers and Biochemistry - Addition and condensation polymers. - Structure of proteins and DNA. 5. Organic Synthesis - Pathways for converting one functional group to another. - Use of reagents, conditions, and mechanisms in synthesis. Summary - IGCSE Organic Chemistry focuses on basic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes), functional groups (alcohols, carboxylic acids), and polymers. - AS/A Level Organic Chemistry goes deeper into mechanisms, isomerism, synthesis pathways, and advanced functional groups.

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