Describe the basic scientific concepts and principles that serve as the foundational underpinnings of the pharmacological sciences including pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; drug metabolism; and drug-drug interactions; and explain how these fundamental pharmacological properties can influence route of administration, drug action; drug efficacy and potency; drug levels in the body; potential for drug interactions; drug toxicity; and the appropriate choice of drug for pharmacotherapy in a given patient. 2. Explain how to use drug-specific and patient-specific pharmacokinetic parameters to calculate the physiochemical properties that influence rates of drug disposition and clearance in the body, and how these parameters can be used to monitor, design and modify appropriate dosing regimens of drugs in specific patient populations. 3. Describe the process by which new drugs are discovered, developed, tested and finally approved by the Federal Drug Administration for use in the clinic. 4. Discuss the fundamental principles of pharmacogenomics including how specific patient characteristics and genetics can affect the clinical response to particular classes of drugs, and how pharmacogenomics approaches can be used to influence the drug discovery process and the choice of drugs in the treatment of specific diseases.